A new criminal offence of squatting comes into force on September 1, writes Ed Cracknell, Associate at Russell-Cooke LLP. But there are misconceptions.
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- Index of English and Welsh Lunatic Asylums and Mental Hospitals Based on a comprehensive survey in 1844, and extended to other asylums.
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The asylums index (on the right) lists asylums on this page (paupers in 1844) in yellow, and asylums on other pages in white. Some asylums outside England and Wales are indexed in blue. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y 4.13.TA Institutions with Pauper Lunatics in 1844 All County Asylums open in 1844 are listed and all Hospitals receiving paupers. Workhouses mentioned in the 1844 report are listed. The table lists all licensed houses receiving paupers in 1844 and shows which were commended and which severely censured in the 1844 Report. In the 1844 Report, all asylums apart from workhouses are listed, but only some the workhouses with lunatic wards. This was because the Inquiry Commission did not systematically visit workhouses in the way that it did the other asylums. After the 1844 Report, legislation ensured that public asylums were provided for all areas of the country. These new public asylums are shown in white on green. National Health Service Psychiatric Hospitals were classified as "Mental Illness" or "Mental Handicap". I am adding listings of the Mental Handicap ones (1970s) on yellow. Some hospitals will appear on the green and the yellow, usually because they started as chronic asylums in the late nineteenth century. There are some asylums in grey that do not fit in to any of the above categories, but are conveniently included on this page. These include hospitals not receiving paupers in 1844. Hanwell (1st Middlesex) County Asylum [A Sarah Rutherford case study] Built 1829 to 1830. Opened 16.5.1831 Architect: William Alderson. Peter Cracknell classifies it as Corridor form. Jacobi classifies it as a distinct form. Landscape: Designer D. Ramsay Built in what was then country. Closest market town was Brentford. Technically in Norwood Parish, but known as the Hanwell Asylum from the beginning as it was much closer to the centre of Hanwell than to Southall or Norwood. See GENUKI (1868 National Gazeteer) For the early history of Hanwell see the biography of James Clitherow Tessa Speight's history Superintendent January 1831 to early 1838: William Ellis. Matron, Mrs Ellis Visiting physician from 1832: Alexander Morison 1834: The Hanwell Lunatic Asylum by Harriet Martineau From about 1835 to about 1840, George Peacock Button was house surgeon. He witnessed William Ellis's will in April 1839. He became superintendent of the Dorset County Asylum. Extra wings added 1837/1838 Architect: William Moseley. Superintendent April 1838 to 1839 Gideon John Millingen Superintendent 1839 to 1844: John Conolly, who abolished mechanical restraint. "old mode of treatment" - "new methods" October 1839 51st Report Visiting Justices January 1840 52nd Report Visiting Justices April 1840 53rd Report Visiting Justices July 1840 54th Report Visiting Justices January 1841 56th Report Visiting Justices April 1841 57th Report Visiting Justices July 1841 58th Report Visiting Justices: they had "been imperatively called upon to annul the appointment of the Reverend Francis Tebutt as chaplain to the asylum. His duties will cease on the 11th of the month, and he will be succeeded by the Reverend Thomas Burt" October 1841 The Fifty-ninth Report of the Visiting Justices of the Lunatic Asylum of Hunwell. The Resident Physician's Report, and the Report of the Chaplain, . This formed the basis of an extensive review in the a New York newspaper on 2.4.1842 1844 to 1852 John Conolly visiting physician Hanwell). Conolly became the proprietor of Lawn House and Hayes Park 1.1.1844: 975 patients. All pauper. 1844? 14.6% of patients epileptic Superintendent: April to August 1844: John Godwin (not medical) Visiting Physician: J. Conolly M.D.; House Surgeons: J. Beyley, M.D.; Davies M.D. 1845 John Hitchman succeded Dr Nesbit in charge of the female side. William Chapman Begley was (at about the same time) in charge of the male side. They each had salaries of £200 a year. 15.1.1848 Full page illustration and short article "Twelfth Night at the Hanwell Asylum" in the The Illustrated London News 1850 John Hitchman became superintendent Derby County Asylum From about 1850 to about 1872, W.C. Begley was resident medical officer (Annual Reports). William Chapman Begley had witnessed William Ellis's will in April 1839. A third floor added in 1859. 13.11.1861 Theodore Edward Edwards, a patient, killed himself. An autopsy [inquest?] was carried out by Thomas Wakley. Hospital records show that Theodore was buried within the hospital grounds. A descendent would like to know where were this is. We have located the burial ground on an 1868 map. In the late twentieth century, a Regional Secure Unit was built on these grounds. July 1873 R R Alexander, MB, CM. appointed Assistant Medical Officer in the place of J. Hawkes who went to Westbrooke House Asylum in Hampshire. Biography of a patient (Alfred Woodhurst) admitted 1877 1880 Large chapel (surviving) built to replace a smaller one. The asylum now had nearly 2,000 patients. 1881 Census: Middlesex Lunatic Asylum, Norwood, Middlesex. There are two medical superintendents: Joseph Pake Richards (married, aged 40, surgeon) and Henry Rayner (unmarried, aged 39, physician). Isabella Elizabeth Hicks is Matron. Became a London County Asylum in 1889. About 1894?: Robert Reid Alexander M.D. resident medical superintendent; Rev. Robert Andrews MA. chaplain; James William Palmer, clerk & Alfred Henry Larcome, steward. Hanwell Mental Hospital from 1929 to 1937. St Bernard's Hospital from 1938 to 1980. Uxbridge Road, Southall, UB1 3EU. 1953 Mary Barnes a patient By 1960 known as St Bernard's, Southall. It had 2500 staffed beds Sometime before 1962, Andrew O'Brien visited his uncle in St Bernard's Hospital. It was "like a small town in itself". There was a church, a laundry, and a point on the Grand Union Canal where barges brought the coal for the Hospital. He can remember the tall Victorian wards and that there seemed to be many patients in each ward, and white coated male orderlies who seemed to spend some of their time lighting patients cigarettes. He felt very sad and could not face going again after his second visit. In 1971 it had 2,039 beds, 189 in locked wards. Mary Nettle a patient, for three months, "in St Bernard's, a horrible Victorian asylum". Two general hospitals: King Edward Memorial Hospital and Claypond's (started as an isolation hospital) form Ealing Hospital between 1978 and 1980. Ealing Hospital built adjacent to St Bernard's. A District General Hospital "in the form of a multistorey concrete slab with lower blocks around it" (Scher, P. 1999) [ Ealing Hospital weblink] By 1985, staffed beds reduced to 950 "Since then St Bernard's, a Grade II listed building, has become a 'wing'" [of Ealing Hospital], "albeit a large one, comprising the central and eastern parts of the original, the western part having been sold for redevelopment." (Scher, P. 1999) West London Mental Health Trust weblink The address of West London Healthcare NHS Trust is St. Bernard's Wing, Uxbridge Road Southall, Middlesex UBI 3EU. 020 8574 2444. (Community services, Mental health services) Stephen James, Head of Partnerships and Diversity, Ealing Primary Care Trust writes (26.8.2005) "There is a large range of [psychiatric] services (including inpatient and forensic) provided by West London Mental Health Trust (WLMHT) at the site. There is also a museum, which I understand the Trust cannot open regularly because of lack of funds". Three Bridges Regional Secure Unit St Bernard's Hospital, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3EU established 1980s? " The burial grounds were used for building the Regional Secure Unit (RSU). Any human remains that were uncovered were removed and later re- interned in the "Garden of Remembrance". This is the small upright rectangle one can see in the Google aerial photo - If you compare it to your old map you can make the match easily. The garden of remembrance is the above the left hand canal lock and directly above the lock's left-hand gate. To the immediate right is a parking lot with white hospital vans and the RSU is the complex further the right with the semicircular crescent." (Paul Champion, email 12.8.2006) Museum and Chapel of St Bernard's Hospital, Uxbridge Road, Southall. Georgian. Formerly the Middlesex County Lunatic Asylum. "Not suitable for under-16s". I can sadly confirm that the Hanwell hospital museum has permanently closed and the collection dispersed. Some of it went to the Gunnersbury Park Museum http://www.hounslow.info/gunnersburyparkmuseum (prior permission is required to view as it is not on display) and some to the Welcome Trust (I think this would have been the apparatus and other clinical hardware) and the London Metropolitan Archives took the records and papers. (Paul Champion, email 12.8.2006) Surrey County Asylum Springfield, near Wandsworth Nick Hervey says that the asylum was "in response to the growing expense of farming out the county's chronic insane to private licensed houses in the metropolis" and that " Sir Alexander Morison who was appointed as Visiting Physician before building commenced, carried out a survey of these patients". "The site at Springfield Park, Wandsworth was bought from Henry Perkins, a wealthy brewer and partner in the firm of Barclay and Perkins, who had himself obtained the freehold from the 2nd Earl of Spencer" 1838 Building started Architect: usually stated to be E Lapidge, but Nick says he was only one of the designers and that it "was done to the design of William Moseley, who was the County Surveyor for Middlesex and had previously been working on extensions at Hanwell". - Corridor form The present "Main Building", built around a lawn and fountain area (See external link), appears to be the centre of the original corridor. Some of the corridors and main rooms (not all) have a pronounced slope, some running down towards the south-west of the building. One (at least) main corridor slopes towards the southeast. Does anyone know why this is? opened 14.6. 1841 Cost: Total £85,366..19..1d. Comprised of Land: (97 acres) £8,985..9..5 - Buildings: £67,467..1..10 - Furnishings etc and preliminary expenses: £7,514..19.3 (1844 Report p.222) Nick Hervey says that 299 patients were brought in on the day of opening, increasing to 385 in the first year. They included 172 from Peckham House, 51 from Hoxton and 54 from Bethnal Green. However, patients may have moved in from these asylums earlier as their movement was noted in a report for the year 1.6.1840 to 31.5.1841. 1.1.1844: 382 patients. All pauper. Superintendent: S. Hill, Surgeon 1844 At the time of the 1844 Report, Surrey was the most modern county asylum. Its construction was generally approved of. "the house and galleries generally are warmed by the circulation of steam, and the introduction of hot air through apertures in the floor. The temperature is regulated by stop-cocks, and kept between 56 degrees and 58 degrees. There are open fires, with proper guards, in the several day rooms on the female side; and it is proposed to adopt them also in the male division". (1844 Report p.20) 1848-1858 Hugh Welch Diamond (1809-1886), photographic pioneer (External links: RSM, Getty, Leggat, Pearl Science and Society Picture Library), was Resident Superintendent of the Female Department. See Lutwidge 1853 and Millar 1853. He appears to have left to set up his own, high class, lunatic asylum in Twickenham Until about 1857, Alexander Morison, Charles Snape and Hugh W. Diamond were the medical officers connected with Surrey Asylum About 1860 John Meyer appointed Resident Physician. William Orange was Assistant Medical Officer 1863 John Meyer and William Orange move to Broadmoor. James Strange Biggs became Resident Physician 1881 Census: James Strange Biggs, physician, aged 53, was asylum head 1889 to 1912 Hugh Gardiner Hill medical superintendent. His son, Harold, a family historian, was very proud of the way his father carried on Robert Gardiner Hill's non-restraint work at Springfield. The graves of Hugh and his wife Rosie are in the Magdalen Road Cemetery not far from Springfield Transferred to Middlesex County Council after the 1888 Local Government Act, when it was known first as Wandsworth Asylum. From about 1918 known as Springfield Asylum. A detached annexe for 260 "low-grade mental defectives, 180 children and 80 adults" was built under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act. April 1916 A detached block of the main asylum used as Springfield War Hospital for severe or protracted cases for the care and treatment of soldiers and pensioners suffering from neurasthenia or loss of mental balance (Hansard 12.4.1920) 1919 Post Office Directory: Middlesex County. Beechcroft Road, Upper Tooting, SW17 and Garrat Green, Burntwood Lane, Tooting SW17. Reginald Worth MB medical superintendent; Gayton Warwick Smith, MD assistant medical officer; Rev William Parkinson Iddeson, MA, chaplain; Thomas W. Beale, clerk to the asylum. 1926 Nurses were instructed to show kindness and forbearance with "example being better than precept" (Regulations and Orders of Springfield Mental Hospital, London). (external link) In 1939 "Springfield (Mental) Hospital" had 2,000 patients, 83 acres of farm land and 14 acres of garden. There was close cooperation between Springfield and Westminster Hospital. Spring 1978 Springfield Words 1994 Springfield Hospital became part of the Pathfinder Mental Health Services NHS Trust. 7.5.1998 "Trust guilty of abuse of power" 1999 Pathfinder Mental Health Services NHS Trust changed its name to the South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust. (Lost Hospitals of London) Springfield Hospital (external link), 61 Glenburnie Road, London, SW17 7DJ. Autumn 2002: Reported still open, or closed and empty (street map - multimap. Simon Cornwall: Was to close but parts have remained opened. 2005 Mental health research at St George's University of London. Note that South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust provides "education, training and research" in partnership with St George's University, Kingston University, South Bank University, King's College, University of Surrey, Tavistock Institute and Brunel University. (source) 30.1.2006: from David Gardiner-Hill "It is definitely open and a Mental Health Trust associated with Georges Hospital Trust. The Gardiner Hill Unit has unfortunately changed its name though signs to it still litter Tooting/Wandsworth!! I have visited on open day, and seen the old history exhibition in the mortuary. The superintendent's house Hugh Gardiner Hill lived in is now offices overlooking the golf course in the grounds, but I have recognisable photos of the drive and gardens of this house when Hugh's children were babies and a lovely one of his wife in a 1906 car, also a record of speeding ticket from a newspaper. Speeding was newsworthy". "South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust was formed in 1994. The Trust has, for over 160 years, provided mental health services. The Trust headquarters are at Springfield University Hospital in Tooting" (source) Springfield University Hospital The following image is from the internet 12.1.2006. From the mid-1980s, Springfield Hospital (main building, above), now the Trust's headquarters, served only people from Wandsworth and Merton. Today, the Trust operates from 89 locations and is responsible for providing complete mental health and social care services to the communities of Kingston, Merton, Richmond, Sutton and Wandsworth, and more specialist services to people throughout the United Kingdom. "The hospital became part of the NHS in 1948 and the site continued to be developed up to 2005 when the Phoenix Unit (providing rehabilitation services) opened." A masterplan for the site was approved by the Trust Board in 2006, leading to the opening of the Wandsworth Recovery Centre in 2009, the first of a new generation of acute in-patient buildings. When Wandsworth Planning Committee gave consent for this building, it was made clear that no further consents would be granted on the Springfield Hospital site until there was outline consent for the redevelopment of the entire site." A planning application was submitted, but refused in March 2009. Following a period of public engagement, the Trust developed an alternative plan which sought to address the reasons given for refusal of its first application. Wandsworth Council Officers recommended approving the plan, but it was refused in December 2010. Regeneration news 2009 June 2010 New Proposals offline pdf 18.7.2011 Archive Springfield Regeneration Programme 13.4.2012 First internet archive of The history of Springfield University Hospital - The argument that "mental health services have been provided at Springfield Hospital since 1841" was being used as a starting point for the necessity of allowing a re-development plan. Springfield regeneration news [To "Trust appeal upheld: June 2012"] St Marylebone See Peter Higginbotham's site First workhouse established in 1730, after the Workhouse Test Act. A local Act of Parliament, passed in 1775, enabled the Vestry to build a new workhouse. Under this, the administration of poor relief in the parish was conducted by Directors and Guardians of the Poor who included thirty parishioners appointed by the Vestry. The old building was used as an infirmary. 1792 new infirmary block for 300. War led an widespread increase in pauperism and St Marylebone was over-full with 1,168 inmates in 1797. The Guardians resorted to out-relief without demanding entry into the workhouse. 1815: Lord Robert Seymour, a Director of Poor for the Parish of Saint Marylebone was "in the practice of visiting the insane poor of that parish at Mr Warburton's, Bethnal Green " 1844 Report page 87: "In the Lunatic wards of the Marylebone Workhouse there were admitted in the years 1842 and 1843, 190 paupers considered as insane. Some few of these, however, were stated to be only under temporary excitement. The overseers of this parish could obtain admission into the Hanwell Asylum for only twenty-seven of these 190 cases..." Workhouse Masters: 1842-1850 James Jones 1850-1851 W Barlow 1851-1856 George Whelan 1856 Richard Ryan (the "woman flogger" of a London ballad) 1857 James Barnet 1847 approval for Marylebone workhouse to become a temporary asylum for lunatics. (Hervey, N.B. 1987) On lists of licensed houses as "St-Mary-le-Bone. Workhouse": 30.6.1846: Licensed to Dr Boyd with 35 patients 30.6.1847: Licensed to Dr Boyd and T. Jones, surgeon, with 68 patients 1.1.1849: 79 patients, 30 male, 49 female. All pauper. Stone House John Stow, 'The Citie of Westminster', in A Survey of London. Reprinted From the Text of 1603, ed. C L Kingsford (Oxford, 1908), pp. 97-124 Bedford house.; Parish church of S. Martin in the field.; An house belonging to Bethlem. From thence is now a continuall new building of diuers fayre houses, euen vp to the Earle of Bedfords house lately builded nigh to Iuy Bridge, and so on the north side to a lane that turneth to the parish Church of S. Martins in the field, in the liberty of Westminster. Then had ye an house wherein somtime were distraught and lunatike people, of what antiquity founded, or by whom I haue not read, neither of the suppression, but it was said that sometime a king of England, not liking such a kind of people to remaine so neare his pallace, caused them to be remoued farther of, to Bethlem without Bishops gate of London, and to that Hospitall the said house by Charing crosse doth yet remaine. O'Donoghue says (p.68) The report of the commissioners in 1632 confirms the story told by Stow : "There be also four other houses situated near Charing Cross in the parish of St. Martin's in the Fields, which have likewise time out of mind paid a small rent of £3 per annum to the hospital, but when, or by whom, given we find no record. Only we find by an ancient lease made in the reign of Henry VII that in the place where these houses now stand was anciently an old house with gardens and grounds thereunto belonging called the Stone House, which Stone House we do likewise find, in a bill preferred to the Exchequer in December of 9 James I [1612] by the mayor, commonalty and citizens of London against one Agnes Garland, that it was sometimes employed for the harbouring of mad and distracted persons, before such time as they were removed to the present hospital of Bethlehem, without Bishopsgate." In the early nineteenth century, the City of London and its parishes had a diversity of institutional resources to call on to accommodate pauper lunatics. It controlled Bethlem Hospital. St Lukes was just outside its "square mile", as were the large private pauper asylums at Hoxton and Bethnal Green. Many of the parishes had their own workhouses and, in Hoxton and elsewhere, there were also several private workhouses (pauper farm houses). 1377: the Bishopsgate Bedlam (St Mary of Bethlem) 1377 "Earliest known date of the use of Bethlem as an asylum." (O'Donoghue Chronology) ["Known" is overstating] 1380-1395 (about). A brotherhood of Skinners meet in the church of St. Mary, Bethlehem, on Corpus Christi Day. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 2.3.1403 Henry 4th issued a commission to two of the royal chaplains to investigate charges made against the management of the hospital. Their report mentions six insane patients, the instruments of their restraint, and the hospital property at Charing Cross. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1403: visited: "during the 1403 visitation, the Porter stated that the Hospital then contained 'six insane men and three others who were sick". Andrews etc 1997 The History of Bethlem (Kindle Locations 2605-2606)]. 1812-1815 Building the third Bethlem in St. George's Fields, Southwark. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 25.4.1814: Edward Wakefield's first visit 2.5.1814 Edward Wakefield's party visit the women's galleries where they find a side room with ten chained patients clothed only in blanket gowns. In a cell on the lower gallery they found William Norris, 55 years old, who said he had been confined about fourteen years. [Norris is William in Wakefield's account (p.47 following) and James in the account by the Governors of Bethlem (p.376 following). 7.6.1814: drawing made of William Norris, in restraint 1815: St George's Field Bedlam and criminal lunatics. Patients transferred 24.8.1815. (O'Donoghue Chronology) Piddock, S. 2002: Linear design: wards over three full storeys and an attic floor. Men and women accommodated in mirror wings on either side of a central administrative section. Accommodation primarily in single cells with a small spur ward on either side providing three cells for the noisy. Arlidge, J.T. 1859 "argued that most, if not all, lunatic asylums were based on the design of Bethlem Hospital, itself based on the monasteries which had provided the early asylums for the insane". 1815 and 1816 Parliamentary inquiries into the treatment of patients. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1816 Criminal blocks completed and occupied. (O'Donoghue Chronology) July 1816: John Haslam and Thomas Monro not re-appointed, but Thomas succeeded by his son, Edward Thomas Monro and another (jointly appointed) physician, Sir George Leman Tuthill (born 1772, died 1835). Reforms in the management introduced about this time included keeping case notes on patients. The British Library Catalogue lists To the Governors of the Royal Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlem, etc. [Asking for support in his candidature for the post of physician to the Hospitals] by Sir George Leman Tuthill, London, 1816. 1.6.1817 to 12.11.1818 Urbane Metcalf a patient for the second time. On his release he published a pamphlet The Interior of Bethlem Hospital which he sold around London (3d a copy?). "I... became again a patient in the New Bethlem Hospital, and am happy to be able to state that I found many alterations in the provisions, and in other things that greatly added to the comfort of patients, and to the honour of those governors through whom those alterations were effected. I found there were four galleries, and that the patients in one gallery had seldom access to those in another, except when in the green yard, and the establishment to be considerably larger, but not so many patients. I became Dr Tothill's patient, and was put in the upper gallery, Thomas Rodbird keeper. I wish to observe that I have read the printed rules of the establishment, and their principle is good, the comforts of the patients are secured in every respect, but these regulations are departed from and the keepers do just as they please." Urbane then lists the staff [this is of the male side] as Physicians: Drs Tothill and E.T. Munro; Apothecary: Mr Wallett; Steward: Mr Humbly; Porter: Simmons; Keepers: Allen and Goose (first gallery or basement); Dowie (second gallery); Blackburn (third gallery); Rodbird (fourth gallery); Cutter: Vickery. "It is to be observed that the basement is appropriated for those patients who are not cleanly in their persons, and who, on that account have no beds, but lay on straw with blankets and a rug; but I am sorry to say, it is too often made a place of punishments, to gratify the unbounded cruelties of the keepers. The present physicians, I think too supine: providence has placed them in situations wherein they have it in their power greatly to add to, or diminish from the comfort of the unfortunate; I have known patients make just complains to them, which have been received with the utmost indifference, and not at all attended to." March 1819: E. Wright appointed Apothecary Superintendent October 1830: Dr E. Wright, Apothecary Superintendent, dismissed, having forfeited the confidence of the Governors. [Note that he calls it "the Royal Hospital of Bethlem"] 1830 Exchange of the "Trafalgar Square" estate with the Crown for property in Piccadilly. (O'Donoghue Chronology) Consultant physician (with E.T. Monro) from 1835 to 1853: Alexander Morison 1837 Visitation by Mr F. O. Martin, a charity commissioner. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1837 extensions to the building 1838 Front garden leased by city to hospital and road diverted. Foundation stone of new buildings laid. Frontage extended east and west, and southern wings lengthened. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1840 Site of Barkham Terrace purchased. 1841 Census: (ages of adults are given to nearest five years) Nathanial Nicholls, Steward, 50. Hannah Nicholls, 45. John Thomas, Apothecary, 45. Mary Thomas, 35. Henrietta Hearn, Matron, 40. John Hearn, 20. William Brown, Porter, 50. Thomas Medley?, Gate Keeper, 40. Elizabeth Medley, 30. Mary David, Kitchen Maid, 30. Charles French, Cutter of Provisions, 30. Three Laundry Maids. Twelve male Keepers. Twelve female Keepers. William Howard, Gardener, 35. Mary Pandigrath, Housemaid, aged 15. Harriet Eliza Hunter, aged 15 (an officer's relative). Five female servants to officers and two male. 167 male patients. 166 female patients, 333 total patients. Friday 7.4.1843 Mr Hume (MP) objected to £4,122 being "granted for defraying the expense of maintaining criminal lunatics in Bethlem Hospital". He visited them "many times at intervals, and there were several...who appeared to him to be perfectly sane. Mr Hatfield, among others. Hume wanted a way that "offenders... who had their intellects restored...should no longer enjoy comparative impunity". 1.1.1844: 355 patients of whom 90 were criminals. Bethlem was outside the Metropolitan Commission's investigative authority. For statistical purposes: "In the absence of any specific information ... we have entered the Criminal Lunatics ... seventy Males and twenty Females, as Paupers. We have also assumed that the remainder of the Patients ... generally, are of Private class, although we have reason to believe that some of them are maintained, wholly or in part, at the charge of Unions or Parishes" (1844 Report p.186)" 1844 First padded rooms constructed: workshops for patients completed. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1844-1846 Chapel and dome built by S. Smirke. (O'Donoghue Chronology) The Lancet 15.2.1845: Editorial comparing Bethlem unfavourably with Bicêtre and Salpétrière in Paris which are "open to all pupils and medical men, who have a right to follow the physicians in their daily visits to the wards". "The directors of Bethlem have, it is true, lately relaxed the extreme severity of their regulations, and distributed amongst the schools a few tickets of admission, for which we give them due credit, but this relaxation of former rules is by no means sufficient. Every facility should be afforded to students to acquire a familiar knowledge of insanity, and our hospitals ought to be freely open..." 1846: Dome, designed by Sidney Smirke, added 27.11.1846 Visit by John Thomas Perceval to Arthur Legent Pearce 1851: "the Commissioners in Lunacy... gained entry for the first time in 1851 on a Secretary of State's warrant to investigate complaints of maltreatment which had been laid before them" 28.6.1851 Visit of lunacy commissioners to inquire into allegations against the treatment of certain patients by their nurses. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1852:: Critical Report William Charles Hood became Resident Medical Superintendent 1.11.1853 Bethlem registered for periodical inspection by the lunacy commissioners. 1862 W.C. Hood became a Chancery Visitor. Succeeded as Resident Medical Superintendent by William Rhys Williams 1863: and 1864 criminal lunatics sent to Broadmoor (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1866 City of London Lunatic Asylum at Stone opened "This engraving shows the wards in the 1860s after efforts to make them more comfortable and cheerful. Patients were segregated and this engraving shows one of the women's wards. It was furnished with flowers, ornaments and bird cages. (1997 London exhibition). This picture was contrasted with Hogarth and described as "a more realistic illustration of the inside of the hospital 130 years later". 1864 On the recommendation of the charity commissioners, governors agree to select a site for a convalescent home and to appoint resident clinicals. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1865-1870 The Liverpool Street estates of the hospital purchased by the Great Eastern and the Metropolitan Railway Companies. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1870 First party of convalescent patients goes to Witley, Surrey. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1878 William Rhys Williams became a Lunacy Commissioner. Succeeded as Resident Medical Superintendent by George Henry Savage. 1881 Census: "Bethlem Royal Hospital", St Georges Cross, Southwark - St George Martyr, Surrey. Resident Officer (Physician) George Henry Savage, widower, aged 38, born Brighton. His housekeeper and housemaid. A friend, Wilhelm Von Speyr (physician aged 28), from Basle in Switzerland was visiting. William Edward Ramsden Wood: Medical Officer (Physician), aged 31. His wife, children and servants. The Gate Porter and his wife. Under Storekeeper. Cutter of Provisions. Assistant Hall Porter. Edmund Smeeth, married, aged 63: Head Attendant Male Side and 15 male and 21 female "Attendants on Insane". A laundress. A housemaid. Another female domestic servant. About 255 patients, only about 94 of whom were men. There were also two "other" and one "visitor". The Gardener, Richard Whibley, and his large family, lived at St Edwards Schools in St Georges Road. Two of his daughters were training to be teachers. 1882 Charity commissioners gave permission for paying patients to be admitted. 1892 Under the Dome (the hospital magazine) first issued. 1896 extensions to the building 1896 Recreation hall opened. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1904 Hospital closed from February to October for re-drainage and repairs. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1907 Fire causes some damage to recreation hall. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1912 Pathologist and other specialists added to the medical staff. (O'Donoghue Chronology) 1914 Edward Geoffrey O'Donoghue The Story of Bethlehem Hospital from its Foundation in 1247 London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1923 Edward Geoffrey O'Donoghue Bridewell Hospital: Palace, prison, school Volume one: "From the earliest times to the end of the reign of Elizabeth" 1929 Edward Geoffrey O'Donoghue Bridewell Hospital: Palace, prison, school Volume two: "From the death of Elizabeth to modern times". Under the Dome became Orchard Leaves when the hospital moved to Kent in 1930. In the 1920s the Hospital's Governors concluded that "for a hospital for the educated middle classes Southwark was not an ideal location", and began looking for an alternative. They found a 334 acre country house estate that straddled the boundary between Croydon and Beckenham, Kent that had remained unsold at auction in 1920. 19th century Bedlam and 20th century war: The patients' wings and most of the hospital at St George's Field were demolished in 1931 and 1932. The administrative block and dome, and parts of the 1837 and 1896 extensions remained as the Imperial War Museum, opened in this building on 7.7.1936. ...admission to this Monks Orchard Hospital carries with it the "Hall Mark" of curability, and as such, whenever the word "Bethlem" is used, it means "curable"'. Accommodation is provided for 250 patients - 141 ladies and 109 gentlemen - each of whom must be of a suitable educational status. Patients who are eligible may be admitted either on a Voluntary, Temporary or Certified footing, but in all cases treatment in the early stage of illness is advisable and, in fact, desirable. Patients are thus graded according to their varying type of symptoms, and the separate units, or houses, provide appropriate care and treatment for their individual needs, which is further enhanced by the provision of separate bedrooms, whenever deemed necessary. After the war, Denis Leigh moved to the Maudsley Hospital from the neurological department of London Hospital. He trained with Erich Guttman and C P Blacker and spent a year at the Harvard Medical School. Returning to London in 1949, he was appointed consultant at the Maudsley and Bethlem Hospitals. [Munk's Roll] - "based primarily at the Maudsley; last Physician to the Bethlem" (King's College archive) 1949 Wards for boys (17 beds) and girls (18 beds) established in Tyson (Bethlem). "These were the first adolescent inpatient wards to be established in England". 1951 Gresham (Bethlem) converted to a unit for patients over 60. Fully operational by 1952. 1954 Robert Hobson appointed physician to Bethlem. He worked there until 1974. The Tyson West Two inpatient unit was a general psychiatric ward incrementally requisitioned for psychotherapy purposes. It closed in 1972 when the Charles Hood unit opened. "At the Bethlem, he directed for some 20 years an in-patient unit, run on therapeutic community lines, for the treatment of patients with long-standing personality disorders, whilst also supervising and teaching widely as well as carrying his own caseload" David A. Shapiro The Independent 29.11.1999 Robert Frederick Hobson, psychiatrist and psychotherapist: born Rawtenstall, Lancashire 18 May 1920; Physician, Bethlem Royal Hospital 1954-74; Consultant Psychotherapist, Manchester Royal Infirmary 1974-85; Reader in Psychotherapy, Manchester University 1974-85, Honorary Emeritus Reader 1985-99; married 1946 Marjorie Brett (two sons, one daughter); died Stockport, Cheshire 13 November 1999. 1957 A summary listed 238 inpatient beds across 11 Bethlem wards, plus '30-40' day hospital places. (Email from Jennifer Walke 12.7.2015) 1961 Denis Leigh's The Historical Development of British Psychiatry included photographs of items "from the author's collection". King's College archive has "black and white photographs of rare pamphlets and typescript drafts and preparatory notes, [1960]" for the production of Denis Leigh's book. It seems likely that Denis Leigh's collection contributed to the museum. 1962 (Hospital Plan) "The postgraduate psychiatric teaching hospital (the Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital) is situated in" [the South-East Metropolitan Region]. It is estimated that 20 per cent of its beds are used by patients resident in the Region and the rest by patients from other regions" (p.139) "It will be possible to reduce very considerably the size of non- teaching hospitals for mental illness". 445 beds in 1960. Expected to have 445 beds in 1975. No beds for mental subnormality in 1960. Expected to have 25 beds by 1975 (p.140) 1967 The Maudsley took over the management of the district catchment area service for the mentally ill. 1966 Aubrey Lewis retired 1968 Studies in psychiatry : a survey of work carried out in the Department of Psychiatry of the Institute of Psychiatry, under the chairmanship of Sir Aubrey Lewis, 1945-66 edited by Michael Shepherd and D. L. Davies. London ; New York : Oxford University Press 1968 xi and 345 pages. Photographic portrait of Sir Aubrey Lewis forms frontispiece. 1970 The Bethlem Museum established in small exhibition space in the new building which housed the Bethlem and Maudsley Hospital archives - external link - archive: "Originally intended to display historical documents and the few pictures and artefacts which had already been passed to the archives department for safekeeping, it was first opened to the public as the Bethlem Historical Museum". See 2001 - 2015 Museum of the Mind 1971 Bethlem and Maudsley Teaching Hospital. 405 beds. 338 resident patients on 31.12.1971. 83% bed occupancy (low). No dormitories with over 30 beds. (Exceptionally) most beds were in "special in-patient units or wards", listed as children 26 beds - mentally handicapped children 24 beds - adolescent 35 beds - drug addiction 22 beds - alcoholic 12 beds - security (locked ward) 17 beds - metabolic 8 beds - psychotherapy 19 beds - behaviour therapy 12 beds - professorial unit 90 beds approximately "I suffered from depression and in 1974 ended up spending nine months at the Maudsley Hospital," "It was awful and I don't want to go into it, but it would be fair to say we did not make each other happy." Charlotte Johnson Wahl in the Daily Mail 1977 James Alexander Culpin MacKeith (29.10.1938 - 5.8.2007) appointed consultant. Previously at Brixton Prison and Broadmoor. He was given responsibility for developing a new secure unit for offenders with mental disorders and after its inauguration, in 1985, MacKeith continued to look after patients there until he retired. 1978 Retirement of Felix Post 18.9.1980 "The opening of the Interim Medium Secure Unit at Bethlem in 1980 was preceded by discussions with local residents to allay fears. Jimmy Savile OBE, television presenter, was invited to open the unit, an event that, despite the bad weather, was regarded as 'a most successful exercise in public relations'." ( Andrews etc 1997 (Kindle Locations 2013-2006). - Opening of the Interim Medium Secure Unit on Tyson West one ward, which was the predecessor to the Denis Hill Unit. A fifteen-bed interim secure unit at the Bethlem Royal Hospital has been functioning since October 1980. During the first 14 months 23 patients were admitted; 16 were males and 7 were females. All had committed dangerous acts but very few had a long history of criminal behaviour. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia. Personality disorder was not a predominant feature in the majority of cases. Generally the aim is not to provide a full rehabilitation programme but rather to emphasize assessment and treatment of 'problem behaviour' until such time as an individual could properly be managed in an ordinary psychiatric unit in one of the local specialized 'area clinics' (Gisli H. Gudjonsson and James A. C. MacKeith on the first fourteen months) 1982 The Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital Special Health Authority 1983 Jennifer Walke's research finishes at 1983. She chose to study the period between two mental health acts. 1930 corresponds to the new location for Bethlem. 1983 corresponds with the start of the period in which asylums were closed, but Maudsley and Bethlem were in a special position as they are a teaching hospital and maintain in-patient facilities for teaching purposes. 1983 does not have the special significance for the hospital that 1930 does. 1985 The Denis Hill Unit at the Bethlem Hospital opened. 1994 The Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust 1995 the management of Croydon mental health services, including Warlingham Park Hospital, was taken over by the Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust. Warlingham Park was closed in March 1999, and the archives passed into the care of the Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives and Museum. "The reputation locally was interesting. Because it didn't serve the local community, nobody was really interested in it...My take on it was the local community didn't seem to get that interested in it until the Croydon services started coming on site in the 1990s." (Current nurse quoted Chaney, S. and Walke, J. 2015) 1994 Conference held in the Maudsley Hospital for service users and mental health professionals with the aim of trying to bring about a dialogue between the two groups. (A service user initiative). From that conference and a similar second conference, a group emerged which decided to work on issues of concern to service users. Communicate 1997 Bethlem Royal Hospital 750 years old The Bethlem Gallery is a permanent exhibition space in the grounds of the Bethlem Royal Hospital. The gallery was set up in 1997 to provide opportunities for artists who have experienced mental health problems. March 1997 Psychiatric Bulletin "The Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust will be celebrating its 750 Anniversary of the Bethlem Royal Hospital, with many events during 1997 including a joint Royal College of Psychiatrists and Maudsley Winter Meeting to be held in London in 1998. Further details for events: The Anniversary Office, The Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SES 8AZ (Tel: 0171 919 2014; Fax: 0171 9192171)". 3.6.1997 All in the Mind BBC Radio 4: "Bedlam" Presented by Professor Anthony Clare. Programme to mark the 750th anniversary. Wellcome Film and Audio Collections shelf mark MFAC/HM/97.06. source 21.6.1997 Staff Summer Ball at Bethlem 22.6.1997 Family Spectacular "An open afternoon at Bethlem on a spectacular scale. We welcome the general public as well as staff, users and carers. Shows will include jousting and medieval pageantry, a celebrity raffle draw and the launch of 750 balloons, a wide range of activities for all the family, a marquee with music and afternoon tea, and an array of stalls with food, arts and crafts." 15.7.1997 BBC Radio 3 Broadcast: "A medical history". "Claudia Hammond visits the Maudsley Hospital which this year celebrates 750 years of treating the mentally ill". National Sound Archive reference H9034/2 source 4.9.1997 to 30.9.1997 The Arts and Our Users. An exhibition of current art work on display at the Community Centre, Bethlem Royal Hospital as part of the 750th - "A celebration of the creativity of service users. We are having an artist-in-residence to facilitate a range of exhibitions and activities. We are also publishing and illustrated book of poetry written by users and staff" 9.9.1997 to 8.12.1997 Art and Psychiatry Exhibition at the Kunstforum in Vienna "Art from the Bethlem Archives will be part of this major international exhibition archive". Kunst and Wahn (Art and Madness): Ausstellung, Kunstforum Wien, 5.9.1997 - 8.12.1997, edited by Ingried Brugger and others. 1997. Subjects: Max Ernst (1891-1976) - Richard Dadd (1817-1886) and Jean Dubuffet (1901-1985). 7.10.1997 to 15.3.1998 Exhibition on the History of Bethlem at the Museum of London The Museum of London website opened in 1997 - first archive 28.1.1998 - The first digital exhibition was "Bedlam: Custody, Care and Cure". Museums were still charging for admission. Friday 10.10.1997 to Sunday 10.10.1997 International Nursing Congress Kensington Town Hall. Organised by Nursing Times in association with the Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust. Included Eilleen Skeller lecture. See Reclaim Bedlam 10.10.1997 "Publication of a national collection of user's poetry. The launch marks World Mental Health Day and National poetry Day" [Original programme]. Collection was called Beyond Bedlam: Poems written out of Mental Distress 18.10.1997 British Medical Journal review of "Bedlam: Custody, Care and Cure". Thursday 23.10.1997 Service of Thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral 11am "Cardinal Hume will give the address". Friday 24.10.1997 Launch of book, The History of Bethlem Hospital. Symposium at the Wellcome Trust. - Google Books link 27.10.1997 to 29.7.1997 "Mental Health in the City" An international conference hosted by the King's Fund and the Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust (source) Wednesday 29.10.1997 The Maudsley Alumni Dinner Thursday 30.10.1997 Institute of Psychiatry Symposium A review of current and future research 15.11.1997 Survivors Poetry launch of Beyond Bedlam: Poems written out of Mental Distress December 1997 through April 1998 Exhibition of art from the Bethlem Archives at the Science Museum, London. 20.1.1998 to 23.1.1998 Royal College of Psychiatrists' Winter Meeting, London. Royal Lancaster Hotel, London. Joint meeting with Maudsley to mark the 750th anniversary. January 2000 Zoe Reed became Executive Director Strategy and Business Development, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, having previously worke for Camden and then Watford Councils. She approached SIMBA about participation. SIMBA was "one of a number of self-organised service user groups operating in the trust"... "In the summer of 2000 we decided to focus on the black service user's experience at the trust's annual general meeting in September"... "Part of the trust's new way of operating is to organise events or meetings so they feel more inclusive and open. The AGM was held in a large open room, informally laid out with information stalls around the edge. The only chairs were the half circle set out for SIMBA's use. The formal business of the AGM took about ten minutes and we then turned our attention to SIMBA's performance." (Mental Health Today August 2002) 2001 South London and Maudsley NHS Trust - web archive 2.6.2001 to 2.7.2007 "South London and Maudsley NHS Trust provides mental health and substance misuse services to people from Croydon, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham, and substance misuse services in Bexley, Greenwich and Bromley. We also provide specialist services to people from across the UK. Trust Locations: Many of our services are based at large sites, including The Maudsley, St Thomas, Guy's, Lewisham and the Bethlem Royal hospitals. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives and Museum Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX 2001: "The small museum displays a remarkable collection of pictures by artists who have suffered from mental disorder, including Richard Dadd, Vaslav Nijinsky and Louis Wain: also the statues of 'Raving and Melancholy Madness' from the gates of 17th century Bedlam, and other material relating to the history of psychiatry. The archives contain records of the Bethlem and Maudsley Hospitals from the sixteenth century on." 2001 Service Users Research Enterprise (SURE) started. 2006 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 16.11.2014 "Next month will be probably the last chance to visit an old museum in the grounds of the Bethlem hospital before it closes for good. For once, this is a good thing, for the rather small and tired old museum is to be replaced with a much larger building, and also still within the grounds of the hospital."... "within a small room stand a few works of art with small detailed cards explaining why they were chosen and the suffering of the person who created them. A few bits of historic artifacts and a few boards explaining the history of the hospital, and well, that's about it." ( Ian Mansfield's visit to the old museum). This museum closed Saturday 13.12.2014. 2015 Clues for getting to the Museum of the Mind and Bethlem (Art) Gallery One way is to go to Eden Park railway station, which is 30 minutes from London Bridge station, and then walk (15 to 20 minutes) or take a 356 bus (towards Shirley). Walk: Turn left as you come out of the station and go past the petrol station on your left (the road splits into two with the petrol station in the middle). Go to the roundabout and go right onto Monks Orchard Road and the hospital is on that road on your right. "Worth a visit?" is a reminder that the Museum of the Mind is not the first Bethlem exhibition as, for over a hundred years, the Moorfields Bethlem put lunatics on public display (for a fee). The following sections are labelling and diagnosis - temperament - freedom and constraint - heal or harm - and recovery? Heal or harm? "Bleeding, purging, vomiting and bathing were general modes of treatment at Bethlem until well into the nineteenth century. Originally conceived as strategies for restoring the body's four humours to their proper, healthful balance, they continued in use well past the Renaissance alongside measures of physical restraint as means of patient management rather than of medicine. In the nineteenth century, these gave way to the therapeutic optimism of 'moral management' and non-restraint; which in turn gave way to twentieth-century talking and occupational therapies and a range of biological and chemical interventions. Were these intended as exercises in care or control; and, whatever the intentions, what were the outcomes?" Recovery? "To what extent does recovery exist in the eye of the beholder - either individual or society as whole? Is it the ability to live a meaningful life even though symptoms may recur and need treatment? Is recovery merely the ability to conform to what society regards as acceptable behaviour? Or is it the ability to manage without drugs, reliance on services etc.? Is recovery measurable anyway, by what standards, using what evidence? How is recovery represented and by whom?" In the 1860s Bethlem became a hospital for the "superior class". Criminals were sent to Broadmoor and paupers to: City of London Lunatic Asylum (map link) (See also the London County Council asylum at Bexley) Built by the Corporation of London at Stone near Dartford, Kent during 1862 to 1866. Designed by James Bunstone Bunning, the City's Clerk of the Works (later City Architect and Surveyor). Opened 16.4.1866. (Later additions made) 1881 census: Medical Superintendent: Octavious Jepson (Widower); Assistant Medical Officer: Frank William Marlow From 1892, private patients were admitted. From 1924 known as the City of London Mental Hospital. From 1924 able to receive voluntary boarders The Committee of Visitors had originally been composed of the Aldermen and Recorder as Justices, but under the Local Government Act 1888 the Justices powers and duties passed to the City's Court of Common Council which appointed 12 of its members to be the Visiting Committee. 2 Women were added to the committee from January 1931 (Under the Mental Treatment Act 1930). In 1948 the hospital was transferred to the Minister of Health under the National Health Service Act 1946. Became Stone House Hospital, Cotton Lane, Stone, Dartford, Kent, DA2 6AU. The hospital is due to close and will be converted into luxury apartments. The City of London Record Office has most of the archives (to 1948/1949), but some appear to be in the London Metropolitan Archive St Clement's The City of London Union Workhouse opened in 1849. "Built as a workhouse in 1848-1849, the palatial design by Richard Tress cost over £55,000 to construct and boasted central heating, a dining- hall measuring 100 feet by 50 feet, Siberian marble pillars, and a chapel with stained glass windows and a new organ." At some stage it ceased being a general workhouse and became Bow Infirmary. Peter Higginbotham's site says: "In 1909, it was vacated by the City of London Union who had decided to concentrate their work at Homerton in the former East London Union workhouse which had just been substantially enlarged. After a period of standing empty, the building was re-opened on 1st March 1912 as Bow Institution. It was later renamed the City of London Institution, then in May 1936 it was renamed St. Clement's Hospital which it is still known as today." I do not know at what stage it became a psychiatric hospital. It passed from the City of London Poor Law Union to London County Council in 1930 and, about the same time (from about 1929), had, or was, a Mental Observation Unit. It became part of the National Health Service in 1948. January 1956 - December 1957 120 patients admitted to Long Grove Hospital from Bethnal Green. 89 were traced for Enid Mills' survey. Enid Mills gives the following background information: If the "Duly Authorised Officer" is summoned to the East London Area, the patient may be taken by ambulance to Long Grove or one of six psychiatric observation units: Dulwich, Bow, Batteresa, Fulham, St Pancras or Tooting". 1962 (Hospital Plan) St Clement's, Bow had 60 beds in 1960. By 1975 expected have 140. There were no other inpatient facilities named in the City/East End area, but in the whole North East Metropolitan area there were 121 psychiatric beds in unnamed general hospitals and it was planned to increase these to 1,460 by 1975. 1965 St Clement's responsible for psychiatric services in E3 and E4 (PRA 1970, p.18) 1967 St Clement's responsible for psychiatric services in the whole of Tower Hamlets (E1 - E3 - E4) (PRA 1970, p.18) St Clement's Hospital (from 1936) was administratively absorbed by The London Hospital in 1968 and became The London Hospital (St Clement's), 2A Bow Road, London, E3 4LL. 11.5.1987 Constitution of The Friends of the London Hospital (St Clement's) adopted. Amended 5.9.1990 Object: "To relieve patients and former patients of the London Hospital (St. Clement's) and other invalids in the community who suffer from mental illness or the effects of mental illness and generally to support the charitable work of the said hospital." 2005 Closed and the patients were transferred to Mile End Hospital. The site was sold by the NHS the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA), via English Partnerships. The HCA, later taken over by the Greater London Authority (GLA), invited applications for the site's redevelopment in 2011 - a process which concluded in June 2012. Thursday 25.7.2013 "Ravaged Wonderful Earth - A Collection for David Kessel", published by Outsider Poets in collaboration with F.E.E.L. had a spectacular launch at the "Outsider Poetry Open Mic" on in the historic Wentworth Stanley Hall of old St Clement's Hospital in Bow. 8.8.2013 to 18.8.2013 Shuffle festival held on the St Clement's site. Kingsley Hall Powis Rd, London, E3 3HJ "Kingsley Hall was an intense heaven and the black depth of hell. All that we had packed inside ourselves was there thrown into the open. But we survived. Ronnie, Dr R D Laing, who died in 1989, was the initial founder of it all and was the ultimate victim of his own genius. " Unfortunately, given habits of residents in the 'no-holds barred ' experiment, to howl at night or walk into local pubs and finish all drinks on the table, the local community was largely hostile to the Philadelphia project. Windows were regularly smashed, faeces pushed through the letter box and residents harassed at local shops. By 1970, after five years of the Philadelphia Association, named after the ancient city of brotherly love, Kingsley Hall was largely trashed and uninhabitable. In the 1980s Kingsley Hall was the set for the film "Gandhi". During the filming Richard Attenborough united with the Kingsley Hall Action Group to raise enough funds to carry out an extensive refurbishing. Many of the local community contributed their skills and commitment to bring Kingsley Hall back into a usable community centre. Kingsley Hall was reopened in February, 1985, and has since gone on to be used for activities ranging from youth groups, holiday outings or arts and photography workshops, to advice work, wedding functions and educational projects." "Leon Radler had got a little house that was condemned to carry on Kingsley Hall work, and when that was eventually going to be bashed down the local authority gave them these two houses in the Archway area of London" (Barnes and Scott 1989 p.21) Joseph Berke was starting another group, Arbours, with Morty Schatzman. (Barnes and Scott 1989 p.22) 2.3.1985 A refurbished Kingsley Hall reopened as a community centre. November 2007 F.E.E.L. - Friends of East End Loonies established. This held it large meetings at Kingsley Hall. 19.3.2010 "A Pageant of Survivor History - Mental patients in poetry, story and song from the 18th to 21st century" - September 2012 The Residents tell their stories. The "residents" includes psychiatrists and others who were not patients (inmates). Local people were also interviewed. I am drafting an annotated list below Joe Berke (psychiatrist): Resident 1965-1966 - Visitor/Resident 1966-1970 Noel Cobb Resident 1966-1968 - Visitor 1968-1969 Francis Gillet (inmate) Resident 1966-1970 James Greene (asylum administrator) Visitor 1966-1968 Resident 1968-1969 Dorothee von Grieff (helper) Resident 1965-1966 Adrian Laing (son of psychiatrist R.D. Laing) Visitor 1965 Jutta Laing (second wife of psychiatrist R.D. Laing) Resident 1965-1966 Pamela Lee (inmate) Resident 1966-1968 Joy Patience (lived near the asylum and still living in area) Leon Redler (psychiatrist) Resident 1965-1966 Visitor 1966-1970 Morton Schatzman (psychiatrist) Visitor 1965-1967 Resident 1968 and Vivien Schatzman Resident 1968 Alex Stratton and Vera Stratton (lived near the asylum, but moved away in 1970) Criton Tomazos Visitor 1965-1966 Paul Zeal Resident 1966-1967 Visitor 1967-1970 November 2014 Bruce Scott analyses ex-residents stories 2015 Fifty years since Mary Barnes opened the Kingsley Hall Asylum by moving in. Mary Barnes in Bow exhibition "The first patients were admitted in July 1751. In February 1753 the number was increased to 57. From 1754 some incurable patients were readmitted and for some time the numbers remained steady: 50 curable and 20 incurable patients. The staff consisted of the keeper and his wife plus two male and two female attendants." (250 year history booklet) 1782 Thomas Dunston moved from being "senior basketman" at Bethlem 1786 moved to Old Street. (New building designed by George Dance and erected 1782 to 1784?) Mr and Mrs Thomas Dunston became Master and Matron from 1786, previously (from 1782) they had been head man keeper and head woman keeper. Their son, John Dunston, apothecary, married the daughter of Thomas Warburton 1810 Benjamin Rush refered to "Dr Dunston" "physician of St Luke's Hospital... eminent for his knowledge of diseases of the mind" February 1811 Samuel Foart Simmons resigned as physician. Appointed consultant physician. His son did not wish to succeed him, but did wish his university friend, Alexander Robert Sutherland, to succeed. One of the unsuccessful candidates was George Leman Tuthill "There are three hundred patients, sexes about equal; number of women formerly much greater than men; incurables about half the number. The superintendent has never seen much advantage from the use of medicine, and relies chiefly on management. Thinks chains a preferable mode of restraint to straps or the waistcoat in some violent cases. Says they have some patients who do not generally wear clothes. Thinks confinement or restraint may be imposed as a punishment with some advantage, and, on the whole, thinks fear the most effectual principle by which to reduce the insane to orderly conduct. Instance: I observed a young woman chained by the arm to the wall in a small room with a large fire and several other patients, for having run downstairs to the committee-room door. The building has entirely the appearance of a place of confinement, enclosed by high walls, and there are strong iron grates to the windows. Many of the windows are not glazed, but have iron shutters which are closed at night. On the whole, I think St Luke's stands in need of a radical reform." (Quoted Tuke, D.H. 1882 pages 89-90) "From 1833 it was recognised that it was important to provide some form of occupational therapy for patients. This was another idea supported by Dr Sutherland and also by John Warburton. Whilst this was a step forward they nevertheless maintained some older forms of treatment such as the use of occasional forcible restraint. This was said to be necessary because the number of staff employed to care for the patients was relatively small, in fact a ratio of 7 to 1." (250 year history booklet) "When St Luke's Hospital closed at the end of 1916, all the remaining patients were either discharged to their homes or transferred to other institutions. In 1922 it was suggested that a psychiatric unit should be instituted by St Luke's in cooperation with a General hospital. This led to the funding by the St Luke's charity of both an out-patient clinic and a psychiatric in-patient ward at the Middlesex Hospital. This continued until the new St Luke's-Woodisde Hospital opened in 1930." (Richard Morris to Jean Cullen) Friern Cemetery: In 1883 a memorial to an unknown pauper lunatic was erected in the grounds of Colney Hatch Asylum. "2,696 inmates of the asylum were buried here from 1851-1873. The inscription recording the fact was removed after the advent of the Mental Health Act 1959 to unburden the hospital of its past. From 1873 patients were buried in the neighbouring Great Northern Cenetry 'where by a considerate arrangment of the visitors, funerals are privately conducted, and not in forma pauperis (Chaplain's report, CHA 1877) Hunter, R.A. and Macalpine, I. 1974 p.69) 1893: A small room was set aside "for microscopic observations" to supplement gross anatomical findings by histological examination. See Claybury. In 1915 the Board of Control reported "under consideration the provision of a laboratory for clinical and pathological research". In 1924 it reported "a useful laboratory" staffed by a specially trained male nurse and supervised by an assistant medical officer. Hunter, R.A. and Macalpine, I. 1974 pp.165-166 Became Colney Hatch Mental Hospital from 1918 to 1937. "The Cockfosters extension on the Piccadilly line.. started at a ... slow pace. In February 1934 Arnos Grove station had served only 500,000 passengers.The proximity of a mental hospital, sewage farm and cemetery were blamed for hindering development." Colney Hatch was renamed Friern Mental Hospital in 1937. But even in 1955, when my grandfather became a patient, it still had to be explained that the new phrase was "mental hospital", and that this meant a different attitude to the one perpetuated by we schoolchildren calling one another "Colney Hatch cases". From 1959 it was Friern Hospital, Friern Barnet Road, New Southgate, London, (N11 3BP) (map). 1958 Halliwick House opened in the grounds of Friern 1965 Lionel Kreeger appointed consultant psychiatrist and psychotherapist at Halliwick Hospital. Worked with Pat de Mare to establish a therapeutic community culture employing small and large groups. He moved to the Paddington Centre for Psychotherapy in 1973 1967 Sans Everything 1968 Camden Association for Mental Health In 1971 Friern Hospital, had 1,862 beds. Hunter, R.A. and Macalpine, I. 1974, Psychiatry for the Poor is a substantial history of the asylum from 1851 to 1973, and one of the best insights into asylum life. 1980 Friern 2000 "celebrating the hospital's achievements and looking forward to the next millennium. LMA, H/12/CH/A/30/6." (Barbara Taylor) 16.7.1981 Care in the Community Green Paper North East Thames closure plans July 1983 "the hospital learned its fate from a televised news announcement" (Barbara Taylor) 1984 Camden Mental Health Consortium established in response to the planned closure of Friern 1985? John Hart's first period in Friern. Testimonies Project 1987 Islington Mental Health Forum "now well established". They "have started a Friern Interest Group which meets at the hospital". 1988 and 1989 Barbara Taylor's periods as an in-patient. 1989 "I entered Friern for the third time and remained there for over six months. My stints in Friern came midway through the closure process... Most of the ward nurses had left and been replaced by agency staff. The ward across the stairwell from mine was empty, having been burned out in a major fire shortly before I arrived. Corridors were sealed off, therapy rooms locked up, the old apple orchard was choked with weeds. The kiln in the pottery workroom broke down and was not repaired; a little pot that I left in the firing queue was thrown away. Yet for me Friern was truly an asylum. I entered it on my knees: I could no longer do ordinary life, and giving up the struggle was an incalculable relief. My home in the hospital was a locked acute ward with a deservedly violent reputation: a Dickensian barrack of crumbled brickwork and peeling walls, reeking with fag smoke and teeming with ghosts; but for me it was a sanctuary. I settled in quickly, got to know people, acquired a lot of new survival skills... I was very wretched most of the time, and often frightened, but I felt safe from what I feared the most: myself. This was a huge plus, and I wanted to stay forever... By the end of the 1980s, I was deeply embedded in the world of the chronically mentally ill. I had lost my home, and was living in a psychiatric hostel. When I was not in Friern, I was at the Whittington day hospital (later made notorious by Clare Allen in her bestselling novel Poppy Shakespeare) or at the Pine Street Day Centre in Finsbury. I still had friends and connections from earlier days, but I spent most of my time with other mental health users with whom I often felt more comfortable than with old chums" (Barbara Taylor) 6.7.1990 Adjournment Debate House of Commons 23.1.1991 "After Friern": A meeting to discuss the health authority proposals for re-accomodating Friern patients after 1993" organised by Haringey Community Health Council Mental Health Forum. Friern closed in April 1993. It is a listed building which has been converted into luxury apartments. At one time it was considered as a site for Middlesex University. Friern was developed into Princess Park Manor by Comer Homes March 1999 You don't have to be mad to live here November 2002 Barbara Taylor's third ex-patient visit: "more than two-thirds of the flats had been sold, and business was brisk". "I'm sure I'm not the only former inmate who has turned up at Princess Park Manor's sales office, kitted out for normalcy, heart tip-tapping; although at least I had an alibi, a book-in-prospect about the rise and demise of the British asylum system." 2003 use: "Gated housing development" 8.5.2003 Eve Blake [Barbara Taylor]ú Diary: Friern Hospital London Review of Books 8.5.2003 - "Last November I put on a new suit and went to view some luxury flats in the North London suburbs. Princess Park Manor on Friern Barnet Road" . 1.11.2006 Visit by Andrew Roberts to Princess Park Manor: A billboard advertises "Individually designed quality apartments set in thirty acres of stunning parkland". The parkland is the ground in front of the asylum, which is planted with trees. Barnet Borough have created Friern Village Park out of the land in front of the west wing. This is open to the public daily from dawn to dusk. The Middlesex coat of arms above the asylum says "East Saxons" Cheryl's manor Evening Standard 27.8.2014 - An item noticed by Joe Kelly. "Cheryl" is a pop-star who married an English footballer, Ashley Cole, in July 2006. They presumably had flats in the old asylum before that. This extract from a 1911 encyclopedia shows how the provision of "asylums" was only a small part of the Board's functions: "The Metropolitan Asylums Board, though established m 1867 purely as a poor-law authority for the relief of the sick, insane and infirm paupers, has become a central hospital authority for infectious diseases, with power to receive into its hospitals persons, who are not paupers, suffering from fever, smallpox or diphtheria. Both the Board and the County Council have certain powers and duties of sanitary authority for the purpose of epidemic regulations. The local sanitary authorities carry out the provisions of the Infectious Diseases (Notification and Prevention) Acts, which for London are embodied in the Public Health (London) Act 1891. The Board has asylums for the insane at Tooting Bec (Wandsworth), Ealing (for children); King's Langley, Hertfordshire; Caterham, Surrey; and Darenth, Kent. There are twelve fever hospitals, including northern and southern convalescent hospitals. For smallpox the Board maintains hospital ships moored in the Thames at Dartford, and a land establishment at the same place. There are land and river ambulance services." Peter Higginbotham has just (autumn 2004) added a comprehensive history of the Metropolitan Asylums Board to his website October 1870: Caterham Asylum opened Architects: Giles and Biven - Dual Pavilion May 1871 nearly 1,400 patients 1872: Long report of a visit (on the Rossbret site) Rossbret picture 1878 An outbreak of enteric fever in Caterham and Redhill did not affect the asylum or the troops in Caterham barracks who were supplied with water from the asylum well. (R.H. Firth 1908 p.60) 1881 Census: Medical Superintendent: George Stanley Elliot, aged 36.Metropolitan District Asylum for Imbeciles, Caterham, Surrey. May also have been known as Caterham Lunatic Asylum for Safe Lunatics and Imbeciles. The names of patients are given in full, not just initials. 24.5.1920 "Ottington Street, Wolling Road, Camberwell. This is where my life began. After I was born, my mother was in bed, my Grandma Brewer heard a knock on the door... it was my dad coming home from the army" (Joseph Deacon p.13) 1920 Caterham Mental Hospital 1926 "my mother's life ended when I as six years old. My Auntie Em took me over, and Grandma Deacon looked after me for a little while. And my auntie had a lot of work to do... At seven years old, I went to Carshalton Hospital for more treatment. They could not understand me when I went to the toilet... Carshalton sent me away to Roehampton, Queen Mary's Hospital for more treatment, and the nurses were very good to me... On 12th February, 1928 my dad told me that I was coming to Caterham. On the following Thursday, 16th February, I came to Caterham. I was first nursed on the female ward" (Joseph Deacon pages 14-15). 1941 St Lawrence's Hospital, Caterham, CR3 5YA "The girls came to see me... They tried to speak to me but I could not answer. My friends told the girls I could not speak. They said they knew, my brother had told them... I was still working in the mat shop and in 1941 Mr Treece got two new boys from the female side. The boys were Ernie and Victor. Mr Treece asked Ernie to help me sort out he wool. When I wanted something or to tell him something I made some noises to make him understand. It was not easy at first but Ernie did not give in. He tried very hard until he began to understand me... [One] Sunday... my cousin Ann and her friend came to see me... I wanted to talk.. There was nobody who could understand me. I made signs and pointed to Ernie. Mr Harris understood me and brought Ernie and I introduced him to my cousin. He understood me. That's how it all began. This was the first time I started to talk a little. We asked her how she liked the A.T.S. I was twenty-two at the time. My cousin was very pleased that she could understand me. Ernie was very good. When she went home she told Grandma how she was able to speak to me through Ernie. (Joseph Deacon p.21-22) 1950s Peter, a Hackney boy, was on a ward with 60 patients. There were four rows of beds plus beds on the veranda. When the weather was bad, they cleared the beds and kicked a ball around the ward. His mother was horrified on her first visit at the thick chunks of bread plus chunks of cheese which were served for tea - But the residents had a terrific appetite. The "children" were taken out for walks in crocodiles. In those days, staff had to rely on patients to help with bathing. At 3pm one round of bathing started, at 7pm a second round. The residents wore old clothes - "like Meths drinkers in the East End". 1971 listed a Mental Handicap Hospital with 1,902 beds 1974 Tongue Tied by Joseph John Deacon, a resident in St Lawrence's since 1928, published by the National Society for Mentally Handicapped Children. "Joey Deacon has cerebral palsey, seriously affecting all four limbs and his speech and Ernie Roberts is the only person who can really understand him. But Ernie cannot read and write. So as Ernie listened to Joey's story and then repeated it intelligibly to Michael, Michael wrote it down. The handwritten version was then typed by Tom at the rate of four to six lines per day". 10.6.1981: St Lawrence's and Borocourt featured unfavourably in a television documentary Silent Minority "St Lawrences in the 1970s became known as you say through Joseph Deacon's book and film Tongue Tied, and from the documentary Silent Minority. Joseph lived in MC1 (Male C1) and spent a lot of his time on the cosy verandah. Across the airing court was another long verandah where the residents seen in Silent Minority spent their aimless days (MD1). MC1 was a well run homely ward. MD1 was a stark place. Just 10 yards of court separated them. And on the top floor above MD1 was MD3, the lock up ward. Joseph would have heard the shouts from up there when one of the residents went 'up the wall.' 'You'll be sent to D3' was a threat to patients from other wards. Most of the time it was relatively calm. It was a lock up ward, but many of the residents were let out unsupervised to go to work at the concrete works - making slabs and gnomes." (Alastair Fear, who met Joseph Deacon when working at St Lawrences in 1975-1976, and who also worked there, for a while, about the time of Silent Minority) Database information that Banstead became a Surrey asylum is incorrect: "Banstead Asylum was built and maintained by the Middlesex Justices prior to 1889. It became the responsibility of the London County Council on 1 April 1889" (London Metropolitan Archives Catalogue), which is confirmed by the following: 1900 89 year old patient's death certificate shows him as dying from "chronic brain wastage" in "the London County Asylum, Banstead". (information from Richard Seymour) 1897/1898 Cheam Parish Council: Water and sewerage file - Correspondence re contamination of water supply from Banstead asylum burial ground 1.1.1927: 1,976 patients of whom all but 142 were Rate Aided. 845 were men, 1,131 women. In 1926 the proportion of recoveries to admissions was 20.0%. The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 7.1% In 1960s and 1970s (about), part of Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Area Health Authority (West London) 1982: Plans for closure and concentration of services on Horton October 1986 Closed Demolished 1989 "High Down and Down View, two state-of-the-art prisons, were built on the site in the early 1990s" Archive link Middlesex JPs were discussing the need for a fourth asylum in 1881. This was to have been Claybury, but local government reorganisation in 1888 transferred this project to the new London County Council. Middlesex asylums after 1888 In 1889 Middlesex lost much of its population to the new London County Council. There was a massive reorgansiation of London asylums, which I am still trying to work out. Hanwell and Friern and Banstead became London County Council asylums. The Surrey County Asylum at Springfield became the Middlesex County Asylum. It may have been the only one until 1905 See Middlesex 1939 Ilford: Claybury Asylum at Woodford Bridge in Essex was opened in 1893. It was the fifth London County Council asylum. Built: 1889-1893 Architect: George Thomas Hine Peter Cracknell describes as the first Compact Arrow design. Edward Sackett was transferred from Brookwood in September 1896, and died from heart disease on 14.10.1899. Joseph Stockton died 20.10.1896 at London County Lunatic Asylum, Ilford, which was also the name of the asylum in 1900 (Registration District: Romford, Sub-District: Ilford) on the death certificate of Mr Hopson (55 years old), an upholsterer formerly of 19 Bee Hive Brick Lane, Whitechapel, who died there. His certificate was signed by the Medical Superintendent, Robert Youes (or Young?) [information from Joan Robblee]. The Central Pathology Laboratory Commissioners in Lunacy 1896 quoted Hunter, R.A. and Macalpine, I. 1974 p.165: "Even when the new Laboratory has been brought into use by the Specialist Pathologist for the County of London [Dr F.W. Mott at Claybury], there will still remain much useful work of this nature to be done in the several Asylums, for which due provision should be made". See Friern 1899 Start of Archives of Neurology from the Pathological Laboratory of the London County Asylums, Claybury, Essex Published: 1899-1907 and 1909-1934 Journal of Mental Science, April 1900, 46, 393: At Claybury Asylum provision is made for private patients who can claim a settlement in the county of London at a charge of 30 shillings a week, and for others at a charge of £2 (See 1890 Act) 1901 or 1902 Dr Macmillan, a medical officer at Claybury, read a paper on The History of Asylum Dysentery at Claybury to a meeting of the Southern Eastern Division of the Medico-Psychological Association. Dr Macmillan, himself, died of asylum dysentery soon after. (source) 1901 A department of Experimental Psychology established at Claybury with W.G. Smith (1866-1918) as director. Smith, a philosophy graduate (1889) of Edinburgh University, studied for his PhD (1894) under the pioneer of experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt. He worked for several years in the United States, including a period with William James. Smith and Mott were founder members of the Psychological Society in the same year that the Experimental Psychology unit was established at Claybury. In 1905, Smith became the first lecturer in psychology at Liverpool University and in 1906, he became the first Combe lecturer in General and Experimental Psychology at Edinburgh University. (external link to biography) More Patients Willing to go to Claybury It's a Fact by Alan Symes The [Ilford] Recorder, Thursday, March 11th 1965 There has been no appreciable decrease in the number of patients being treated each year at Claybury Hospital which I is costing more than £1 million a year to run. More people needing psychiatric treatment are becoming willing to accept early hospital admission where it is necessary ""The number of beds is being decreased to allow better bed spacing, but the number of patients being treated is not decreasing; the group secretary, Mr Wilfred Mitchinson, informs me" The causes of mental illness are complicated and there is still much that is not understood. In some cases environment and the increased pace of the 20th century life plays a part. Mental disorders cost the National Health Service in England and Wales more than £130 million a year, about one-eighth of the total cost of the service, reveals a report issued by ~the Office of Health Economics. Cost £109 million The report states that together the 200,000 mentally ill and mentally subnormal patients in hospital, along with those treated in out - patient departments, cost about £109 million in 1963. Between 1949 and 1960 the annual number of admissions to psychiatric hospitals more than doubled from 55,000 to 114,000. Although the total number of patients was rising until 1954 - the year which saw the introduction of tranquillisers the number of in-patients declined since then, from: 148,000 to 135.000 by 1960. Claybury's admission rate' tended to follow the national trend. Admissions nearly doubled between 1949 and 1960, from 861 to 1,587. The overall number of in-patients between 1954 and 1960 declined from 2,217 to 2,121. 'Great - increase' The fall in the number of inpatients since 1954 was not entirely due to the development of tranquillisers. New methods of management of patients, new rehabilitation, schemes and changed staff attitudes were equally important. Last year there were 1.488 admissions at Claybury and 1.897 in-patients were accommodated. There has been a "great increase" in short-stay admissions since 1950. Many more patients are now well enough to stay outside hospital with support, which may include occasional short readmissions. Once rehabilitation became available Claybury experienced a dramatic drop in long-stay patients. Claybury has a universal reputation for its therapeutic community methods of treatment and practice and receives visits from people from all over the world interested in how the work has been developed. Rising' prices The hospital has a staff of 2,027, including 19 doctors and 564 nurses, 451 of whom are full time. In addition to their duties at Claybury the doctors do out-patient work in general hospitals. Cost of running Claybury is increasing year by year due mainly to rising prices and increases in salary scales. Other factors are the higher standards being provided for patients and the increased number of short- term admissions. Problems are being experienced at the hospital due to staff shortages. Most student nurses require residential accommodation and there is insufficient available for them within the hospital. Also. those wishing to live outside are faced with a shortage of suitable accommodation at. rents they are able to afford. Another problem is public transport. It is considered that the bus services covering the hospital could be improved and made more reliable, making it easier for staff to arrive on time for duty. The building of a new lunatic asylum and the declaration of May 1st as a public holiday are listed amongst its many achievements (external link). 680 patients were transferred from the Essex County Asylum in 1901. On 18.3.1920 a stampless viewcard of Calais was addressed to West Ham Mental Hospital. George Jacomb of Plaistow died 8.1.1931 at West Ham Corporation Mental Hospital Goodmayes Essex. He left £1,056 9s. 1d to be administered by Ellen Mary Jacomb spinster. There was a stationary steam engine (derelict in 1980) here that was manufactured by Belliss & Morcom Ltd. of Birmingham in 1938. November 1969 Joan Martin's account begins New adult acute mental health facilities were being built at Goodmayes Hospital, to open March 2002, and "re-provide" 107 beds for people living in Redbridge - 62 for adults with acute mental illness, thirty beds for the elderly mentally ill and fifteen psychiatric intensive care beds. "Goodmayes is getting its first new facilities for seventy years". "The unit will have all single bedrooms, some with en-suite facilities, and has fully taken into account Government guidelines on sex segregation". "Patients will really feel the benefit of receiving their services in a purpose built, modern and light unit." Mental Health Matters North East London Mental Health Trust. Issue 9, July 2001. Brookside Young People's Unit, Barley Lane, Goodmayes, Ilford. Essex. lG3 8XJ (Same address as Goodmayes) "Mental Illness". Shown in a 1979 Directory as having 20 beds 31.12.1977. Bexley Asylum at Bexley in Kent was opened by the London County Council in 1898. (map link). Nigel Roberts has a set of plans for "the Heath Asylum Baldwyn's Park Bexley", with the name of "Geo T Hine 1896" on. The chapel was designed to seat 850 people. David Cochrane speaks of a "striking similarity to the design" Hine had used at Claybury Compact Arrow Website (October 2006) on the history of Bexley Hospital In 1907 a death certificate was signed "London County Asylum, The Heath, Dartford, U.D." (information from Michael Ball). The City of London Asylum at Stone was on the opposite side of Dartford. The Bexley Asylum became Bexley Hospital, Old Bexley Lane, Bexley, DA5 2AW. It has now closed. Between 2001 and 2007, Dartford Council plan to build houses on it, plus a new primary school and the "retention of community facilities" (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister). Kingswood Ward (archive) was a rehabilitation ward for adults with severe and enduring mental health problems. External link to Edenwood, Old Bexley Lane, Bexley - (partial archive) 27.11.2002: Bexley Water Tower comes down (partial archive) - See timeline. 5.5.2006 "I live in Bexley and the local asylum was known as Bexly Mental Hospital, it has now been demolished and is a vast estate of new houses which is still growing. They have kept the main building, i think because it was listed, and turned it into a fitness centre for the local residents" Susan Hammond - Rootsweb archive London County Council, established in 1889, inherited many asylums, and built many more. The ones it inherited from Middlesex were Hanwell, Colney Hatch, and Banstead and the project to build an asylum at Claybury. From Surrey it inherited Cane Hill and may have temporarily inherited Wandsworth. If so, Wandsworth (Springfield) was passed on (sold?) to Middlesex. The ones it built included Claybury, Bexley and the five Epsom asylums (below). In 1930, it took over institutions from the Metropolitan Asylums Board. 1925: The Branch Secretary of the Epsom branch of the National Asylum Workers Union was Mr R.C. Baker, who lived at 20 Court Farm Gardens, [Manor Green Road], Epsom [post code now KT19 8SL]. This is in the back streets in the crook of Hook Road and Long Grove Road - south of the cricket ground. The Manor (which was a certified institution, not an asylum) had its own branch.. The Manor Asylum (Epsom) or Manor House at Horton was originally meant as a temporary asylum, whilst Horton Asylum was built. Building may have begun in 1896. The asylum was opened in 1899. It consisted of the existing Manor House (restored) for staff, and corrugated iron buildings for patients. The scheme was disapproved by the Lunacy Commission, but approved by the Home Secretary. The architect was William C Clifford Smith, the Asylum Committee's chief engineer. It was opened for 700 female patients of the "comparatively quiet and harmless class". (Cochrane, D. 1988 p.257) Journal of Mental Science, April 1900, 46, 393: Provision made for about 60 female private patients at a weekly charge of about 15/- (not including clothes) (See 1890 Act) By 1901 approval was given for extra accommodation for 110 male patients required for manual labour power. (Cochrane, D. 1988 p.257) Became The Manor Certified Institution from 1921 to an unknown date. 1925: The Branch Secretary of the Nation Asylum Workers Union at Manor (Epsom) was Mr George G. Galey who lived at 4 Percy Cottages, Elm Road, Claygate (about three mile away in a straight line - perhaps he cycled). The other four hospitals seemed to have been one branch (Epsom). 1930: Manor Certified Institution. Medical superintendent: Edward Salterono Litteljohn. Assistant medical officer: Bridget Coffey. Chaplain: Rev Edward John Hockly. Clerk: C.W. Poulton. House Steward: W.A. Francombe. (Kelly's directory) Became The Manor, Horton Lane, Epsom, KT19 8NL. 1962 (Hospital Plan) 1,200 beds in 1960. Plans to rebuild by 1971. By 1975 expected have 500 mental subnormality patients, and there to be another 700 in St Ebbas (converted) and 500 in "Horton new hospital". 1971 The Manor, Epsom 1,067 beds, 1,034 patients on 31.12.1971. 16% in dormitories with over fifty patients. (60% of adults sleeping in groups of less than 30. 93% of children sleeping in groups of less than 20, but the other 7% of children in dormitories of 30 or more). 25 security beds in locked wards. 1979 Manor Hospital Mid-Surrey Health District's mental handicap hospital with 800 beds July 1998 efforts to stop development March 2002 Progress report on redevelopment, and plans for other sites. Some ex-patients have been rehoused on Ethel Bailey Close. The rest of the site has been entirely redeveloped into around 340 new houses & flats. Re-development completed about 2000. Peter Cracknell's photographic tour 2003 use: "Housing" In addition to the buildings on the main site, The Manor had a large annexe called Hollywood Lodge on the triangle of land between West Park Hospital, Horton Lane and Christ Church Road." Christine Lawes The Manor Farm In reponse to the question "was there a farm on the land to the south?", Christine Lawes wrote "There ... was a self-sufficient market garden, worked by the patients in times past. It bordered Horton Lane. Up to about 1994 it was still a thriving organic market garden and sold fruit and vegetables to the public. After that date it gradually became more difficult to maintain as the residents were being moved out. At least up to a couple of years ago it had become more of a garden centre, selling plants to the public from some specially converted barns. I believe the garden centre is probably still there. Horton Asylum, at Epsom was opened in 1902. Simon Cornwall: Horton Asylum, Epsom, Surrey (Epsom Cluster number 2) Originally: Seventh London County Council Asylum. Built: 1902 Architect: George Thomas Hine (replica of Bexley Heath Asylum) 2,000 beds - 900 for men and 1,100 for women, although at first men exceeded women. 1906 Dr Bryan, first Medical Superintendent, dismissed 1913 Horton Light Railway opened Horton War Hospital (1915-1918); Horton Mental Hospital (1918-1939); 1920 John Robert Lord's story and reflections on the war hospital After the war, Horton was adapted to cater almost exclusively for women. 1922 1,605 patients - 187 men and 1,418 women 1924 Malarial therapy unit opened. May 1928 Alexander Walk, a medical officer at Horton, appointed by Lord as his assistant editor on the Journal of Mental Science. He was co-editor from 1930 to 1973 and thereafter served as associate editor until Easter 1982 1.1.1927: 1,941 patients of whom all but 190 (all female) were Rate Aided. Only 270 were men. 1,671 women. In 1926 the proportion of recoveries to admissions was 23.2%. The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 5.3% 1930 John Robert Lord, medical superintendent - The assistant medical officers were: William Drew Nicol, Frederick Oliver Walker, Gordon Frank Peters, John Joseph Laws, and Miss Dorothy Preston Hytch. Miss Mary Mitchell Thorburn was matron. Rev Edward John Hockley was chaplain, Sydney Carter Boswell, clerk, and Alfred Henry Gwinnell, house steward. (Kelly's directory) 9.8.1931 Lieut.-Colonel John Robert Lord, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P.E., Medical Superintendent, Horton Mental Hospital (L.C.C.) died at the hospital (Nursing Times) - Obituray in British Medical Journal 1931 William Drew Nicol Medical Superintendent, Horton Mental Hospital to 1951 (Munk's Roll) 22.1.1935 George Pelham (Trimmer), patient (archive) to 28.8.1939, when he was transferred to Longrove, probably because Horton became a general hospital serving the forces. Death Certificate of George Trimmer 1939 to 1949: Horton War Hospital 1949: returned to Mental Hospital. It became Horton Hospital, Long Grove Road, Epsom. 1950 Henry Rollin medical superintendent [May be incorrect. His obituaries says "from 1948 until 1975, he was the Deputy Superintendent of Horton Hospital". See Epsom and Ewell History Explorer 1962 (Hospital Plan) 1,524 patients in 1960. Possible to be closed by 1975. (But 500 beds in "Horton new hospital" for mental subnormality) In 1960s and 1970s (about), part of Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Area Health Authority (North East Health District). At this time, someone with a mental crisis in an office in West London, could find themselves taken to Horton, to the south of London. Paddington Day Hospital established for rehabilitation. Summer 1965 "Unfortunately, the doctor decided to send me to Horton Hospital for a rest" - (Joan Hughes) 1966 "I begged my GP to get me into hospital so as I could get some care and help" Daniel Morgan 1971 1,587 beds, 1,438 patients on 31.12.1971. 23% in dormitories with over fifty patients. 17 beds in a specialist psychogeriatric unit. 1979 1,203 beds Autumn 2002: reported closed and empty (map), but in good condition. Redevelopment has now started. (See Peter Cracknell's photographic tour (2003)). The developers have renamed it Livingstone Park. This name is not recognised by the council or the post office. A small modern enclave called Horton Haven is used by about 50 ex-patients. 460 houses and flats and a small retail store are planned for the rest of the site. July/August 2003 fire December 2003 Convenience store wanted for site There is a book: Asylum, hospital, haven: A history of Horton Hospital Ewell Epileptic Colony (Epsom) opened in 1903 Simon Cornwall: Built: 1903. Architect: William C Clifford Smith (Epsom Cluster number three) Dispersed form. Charles Hubert Bond was medical superintendent from 1903 to 1907. Ewell (County of London) War Hospital or Ewell Neurological Hospital for the care and treatment of soldiers and pensioners suffering from neurasthenia or loss of mental balance (Hansard 12.4.1920) 1927 Not listed as a mental hospital, so presumably still Ewell Epileptic Colony. This epileptic colony is not mention in Jones and Tillotson's pamphlet on epileptic colonies. They do mention that the Metropolitan Asylums Board established units for epileptics at Edmonton and Brentwood, and that these were taken over by London County Council in 1935. The conversion of Ewell Colony to a Mental Hospital may have taken place as part of this process. Became Ewell Mental Hospital and then St Ebba's Hospital Hook Road, Epsom, KT19 8QJ 1962 (Hospital Plan) 865 mental illness patients in 1960. 700 mental subnormality patients expected by 1975. Later in 1962? it ceased being a mental illness hospital and became a mental subnormality hospital. 1971 611 beds, but 616 patients on 31.12.1971. 38% of adults in dormitories with over thirty patients. No dormitories with over fifty patients. 1979 St Ebbas Hospital was Sutton and West Merton Health District's largest mental handicap hospital with 629 beds - (outside District). A Parents and Relatives Group was formed about 1987 to campaign for retention of a village community. external weblink - August 2002 There is now (2004) a "village campus" with about 60 residents in a mixture of old and new houses. The council has approved construction of 280 houses and flats on the rest of the site. St Ebbas Farm is now used by Epsom Riding for the Disabled Association Long Grove Asylum, at Epsom built 1903 to 1907 and opened in June 1907. Tenth London County Asylum and fourth in the Epsom Cluster. It became Long Grove Hospital, Horton Lane, Epsom, KT19 8PU (map) Architect George Thomas Hine. A replica of Horton with differences to make it (a little) more like a Maryland, USA plan that was favoured. In the design, 500 beds were moved from the main (zig-zag) crescent to autonomous villas, each with its own unfenced garden. Charles Hubert Bond was medical superintendent from 1907 to 1912 March/April 1919? Felix arrested in St Martin's in the Fields. He lived in Shaftesbury Avenue. He was brought to Long Grove from the City of Westminster Union Workhouse, which was responsible for his expenses. See procedures for emergency admission. Maria Jose Gonzalez is researching Felix's history. 1.1.1927: 2,120 patients of whom all but 204 were Rate Aided. 1,091 were men, 1,029 women. In 1926 the proportion of recoveries to admissions was 24.0%. The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 5.3% 1930 Medical superintendent: David Ogilvy. Deputy medical superintendent: James Ernest Martin. Medical officers: Ernest George Thornton Poynder, John Reginald Madgwick, Alexander Walk, Marjorie Elizabeth Frances Sanders, and Charles Grant MacMahon Nicol. Clerk: Alfred J. Gibbs. House Steward: R.E. Dorrell. Matron: Miss Elspeth MacRae. Inspector: Arthur Heath. (Kelly's directory) 1941 Felix died 1959: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association formed. This provided links to Hackney (on the other side of London), where many patients came from. 1959 Richmond Fellowship founded. 1962 (Hospital Plan) 2,151 patients in 1960. 1,000 expected in 1975 1962 Enid Mills' study of patients published 1966 All figure (01 -) telephone numbers introduced for London. Booklet (below) has old style (Epsom 26200) telephone for Long Grove and new style (01-985-5555) for Hackney Hospital. about 1967 Long Grove Hospital Epsom. Information for Patients, their Relatives and Friends, a small booklet, produced by the Kingston and Long Grove Group Hospital Management Committee. At the back, it lists Out-Patient Clinics at Hackney Hospital (Monday and Wednesday 2pm); Kingston Hospital, Kingston upon Thames; Royal Hospital, Richmond; and Surbiton Hospital. 1971 1,625 beds, 1,373 patients on 31.12.1971. 10% in dormitories with over fifty patients. 36 beds in regional adolescent unit. 1979 1,183 beds. Kingston and Richmond [Surrey] Area Health Authority's mental illness hospital (outside district). (map) April 1992 closed. Clarendon Park (developers' name - not recognised by council or post office) housing development started in 1998. There is no housing for ex-patients. A portion of the "zig zag" ward blocks and most of the outlying original villas have been converted for flats and houses. (See Peter Cracknell's photographic tour). There are about 300 houses and flats. June 2002 re-development completed - facade preserved - interiors gone 2003 use: "Luxury housing" March 2004 why no affordable homes on site Long Grove Farm (see Horton Country Park map) was south of the asylum. The Horton Park Children's Farm is there now. However, the piggery of Long Grove was to the north-east, so the Long Grove Farm may have stretched round the asylum. David Cochrane says that London County Council replaced the name "asylum" by "hospital" in 1918. If this is so, the first name for West Park (given below, from the Hospital Database) was never used. West Park Asylum at Epsom was opened in 1921. Referred to by David Cochrane as "the eleventh and the last great asylum built for London's insane". Simon Cornwall: Architect: William C Clifford Smith. Built: 1912-1924. Eleventh London County Asylum. (Epsom Cluster number five) Dispersed form on an echelon plan By 1929 it was known as West Park Mental Hospital 1930 West Park Mental Hospital (LCC). Medical superintendent: Norcliffe Roberts. Deputy medical superintendent: Edwin Lancelot Hopkins. Clerk: L. Clerke. House Steward: J.J. Agar. (Kelly's directory) From about 1950, West Park Hospital, Horton Lane, Epsom, KT19 8PB. 1962 (Hospital Plan) 2,045 patients in 1960. 1,000 expected in 1975 1971 1,724 beds, 1,580 patients on 31.12.1971. 39% in dormitories with over fifty patients. (Only 8% of patients sleeping in groups of less than 30). 20 beds in a regional alcoholic unit. 17 beds in a specialist metabolic unit. 1979 Mid-Surrey Health District had its headquarters in the hospital. West Park had 1,217 beds (mental illness and geriatric). Manor Hospital was the local mental handicap hospital. Horton, Long Grove and St Ebbas were not local hospitals. Autumn 2002: reported closed and empty, but in good condition. (map). The local council has produced its own development brief for the site, which the NHS has yet (2004) to approve. The site will retain facilities for patients with challenging behaviour and the cottage hospital, which is only about twenty years old. Peter Cracknell's photographic tour Peter Cracknell's new site June 2003 sale of land, including West Park, Horton and part of St Ebbas 4.7.2003 plans to vary transport 30.9.2003 fire October/November 2003 consultation on plans March 2004: proposal for new hospital The London County Council Mental Hospital was opened in 1923 . Maudsley Hospital Medical School was opened in 1923 1.1.1925 Accomodation for 146 uncertified patients. 1933 Maudsley Hospital Medical School officially recognised by the University of London. 1936-1948 Clinical Director Dr Aubrey Lewis (writings) 1939? Belmont and Mill Hill April 1945 The British Postgraduate Medical Federation established by the Senate of the University of London 1946 Aubrey Lewis became professor of psychiatry at the University of London. (DNB) March 1947 British Postgraduate Medical Federation incorporated by Royal Charter.